During infancy, the brain, which is approximately one-quarter of the size of the adult brain, is one of the most undeveloped organs and it is highly susceptible to both the positive and the negative effects of the external environment. Infancy is a critical period in a child’s development. Similarly, children who experience parental abuse or neglect are more likely to show negative outcomes that carry forward into adult life, with ongoing problems with emotional regulation, self-concept, social skills, and academic motivation, as well as serious learning and adjustment problems, including academic failure, severe depression, aggressive behaviour, peer difficulties, substance abuse, and delinquency. Witnessing scenes of verbal or physical violence and discord has direct negative effects with long-lasting consequences. Young children are highly sensitive to other people’s emotions, particularly those of their family members. Maternal depression is a key determinant of poor early child development it is related to and as important as family functioning, parenting style, and engagement. 7 Children are more likely to have learning and behaviour problems when living with parents who struggle with mental health or substance abuse problems. Research has shown that the quality of exchanges between caregiver and infant serves as the foundation for the infant’s signaling system and influences the child’s subsequent mental and physical health, especially the child’s capacity to interact with others and the development of neural pathways for language and higher cognitive functions.
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A series of studies spanning 2 decades shows that neglect, abuse, or parenting compromised by depression or substance abuse influence the development of the child’s brain and biologic pathways. 5 Poor caregiver-infant interactions compromise the formation of neural circuits and pathways. The Early Years Study 2 summarized the research on the effects of violence and neglect on early brain development. The following are symptoms of attachment disorder.Īn aversion to touch and physical affection: The child might flinch, laugh, or even say “ouch” when touched rather than producing positive feelings, touch and affection are perceived as threatsĬontrol issues: The child might go to great lengths to prevent feeling helpless and remain in control such children are often disobedient, defiant, and argumentativeĪnger problems: Anger might be expressed directly, in tantrums or acting out, or through manipulative, passive-aggressive behaviour the child might hide his or her anger in socially acceptable actions, like giving a high-5 that hurts or hugging someone too hardĭifficulty showing genuine care and affection: The child might act inappropriately affectionate with strangers while displaying little or no affection toward his or her parentsĪn underdeveloped conscience: The child might act like he or she does not have a conscience and might fail to show guilt, regret, or remorse after behaving badlyĭata from McCain et al, 5 Statistics Canada, 6 Rutter, 7 and Bretherton. In 2006, the rate of sexual assaults against children and youth reported to police was more than 5 times higher than it was for adults (190 compared with 35 per 100 000 persons).įor every 100 000 persons younger than 18 years of age, 334 were victims of physical or sexual violence by friends or acquaintances, 187 experienced violence at the hands of family members, and 101 were victimized by strangers. 2 In 2008, Statistics Canada 6 reported the following: 2 Abuse occurs at every socioeconomic level, across all ethnic and cultural lines, within all religions, and at every level of education. 2Īpproximately 40 million children worldwide are abused each year. all forms of physical and/or emotional ill-treatment, sexual abuse, neglect or negligent treatment or commercial or other exploitation, resulting in actual or potential harm to the child’s health, survival, development or dignity in the context of a relationship of responsibility, trust or power. While there is no single definition of child abuse, the definition from the World Health Organization is the most comprehensive:
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